Sources & citations

JPM ARTICLES

Sports Feature

Formula 1 Australian Grand Prix, March 2023. ‘Optus to put fans on the Albert Park GP Circuit with virtual reality.’ Available at: https://www.grandprix.com.au/fan-zone/news/optus-to-put-fans-on-the-albert-park-gp-circuit-with-virtual-reality. Accessed August 2024.

SportsPro Media, ‘F1 2023 revenue soars 25% YoY to US$3.2bn.’ Available at: https://www.sportspromedia.com/news/f1-2023-revenue-accounts-financial-year-liberty-media/. Accessed August 2024.

Pro Football Talk, February 2023, ‘Super Bowl LVIII has lowest attendance for any non-pandemic edition of the game.’ Available at: https://www.nbcsports.com/nfl/profootballtalk/rumor-mill/news/super-bowl-lviii-has-lowest-attendance-for-any-non-pandemic-edition-of-the-game. Accessed September 2024.

UEFA, ‘UEFA guide to quality stadiums.’ Available at: https://editorial.uefa.com/resources/01f9-0f842793b513-3ec14e88e0ef-1000/uefa_guide_to_quality_stadiums.pdf. Accessed September 2024.

Forbes, June 2020. ‘ Why Tottenham Hotspur’s $1 Billion Stadium Will Be The Last Of Its Kind.’ Available: https://www.forbes.com/sites/zakgarnerpurkis/2020/06/05/why-tottenham-hotspurs-1bn-stadium-will-be-the-last-of-its-kind/. Accessed July 2022.

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, available at: https://www.in2013dollars.com/Admission-to-sporting-events/price-inflation. Accessed August 2024.

Sports Business Journal, ‘Attendance Evolution since 2003.’ Available at: https://www.sportsbusinessjournal.com/Journal/Issues/2023/04/10/In-Depth/attendance.aspx. Accessed August 2024.

Visa, November 2020, ‘Touchless Payments: A Key to the Return of Live Events.’ Available at:  https://usa.visa.com/dam/VCOM/global/pay-with-visa/documents/visa-touchless-payments-a-key-to-the-return-of-live-events.pdf. Accessed August 2024.

Ayden, ‘Revolutionizing stadium payments and experience through financial technology.’ Available at:  https://www.adyen.com/knowledge-hub/revolutionizing-stadium-payments. Accessed October 2024.

Oracle, August 2022, ‘Stadium Goers Root for High-Tech Outings.’ Available at:  https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/stadium-goers-root-for-high-tech-outings-301601864.html. Accessed August 2024.

Payment Expert, August 2020, ‘Hard Rock Stadium to go cashless upon return from COVID-19.’ Available at:  https://paymentexpert.com/2020/08/25/hard-rock-stadium-to-go-cashless-upon-return-from-covid-19/. Accessed September 2024.

F1 Miami GP, May 2024, ‘J.P. Morgan Payments To Enhance Fan Retail Experience at Formula 1 Crypto.com Miami Grand Prix 2024.’ Available: https://f1miamigp.com/news/press-release/jp-morgan-payments-2024/. Accessed July 2024.

Stadium tech Report, ‘J.P. Morgan takes first drive in stadium-based biometric payments at Miami F1 race.’ Available at: https://stadiumtechreport.com/feature/j-p-morgan-takes-first-drive-in-stadium-based-biometric-payments-at-miami-f1-race/. Accessed August 2024.

Stadium tech report, April 2024, ‘Checkout-free stores are doing well — in stadiums, anyway.’ Available at: https://stadiumtechreport.com/editorial/checkout-free-stores-are-doing-well-in-stadiums-anyway/. Accessed August 2024.

Stadium tech Report, October 2023, ‘Charting the checkout-free concession stand revolution: Almost 100 new stores launched in the last year.’ Available at: https://stadiumtechreport.com/feature/charting-the-checkout-free-concession-stand-revolution-almost-100-new-stores-launched-in-the-last-year/. Accessed September 2024.

PWC, November 2022. ‘Frictionless Retail, the future of shopping.’ Available at: https://www.pwc.co.uk/industries/documents/frictionless-retail-the-future-of-shopping.pdf. Accessed October 224.

Zippin, September 2023. ‘The Winning Play: Digital ID Verification with Checkout-Free Shopping.’ Available at: https://www.getzippin.com/blog/digital-id-and-checkout-free-shopping#:~:text=At%20the%20Zippin%2Dpowered%20Drink,they%20want%20and%20zip%20out. Accessed August 2024.

COSM, ‘Hello LA. Cosm is here.’ Available: https://www.cosm.com/los-angeles. Accessed July 2024.
Tech Target,’ Wi-Fi 6 vs. 5G: What's the difference?; Available at: https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/feature/A-deep-dive-into-the-differences-between-5G-and-Wi-Fi-6. Accessed August 2024.

Stadium Tech Report, 2023, ‘Wireless Upgrades.’ Available at: https://stadiumtechreport.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/STR-2023-Winter-2023-Pub-Final.pdf. Accessed August 2024.

Wi-Fi Alliance, ‘Upgrading the stadium Wi-Fi® experience with Wi-Fi 6.’ Available at:  https://www.wi-fi.org/system/files/Wi-Fi_6_in_Stadiums.pdf. Accessed August 2024.

The Economist, July 2024. ‘A shift in the media business is changing what it is to be a sports fan.’ Available at: https://www.economist.com/briefing/2024/07/25/a-shift-in-the-media-business-is-changing-what-it-is-to-be-a-sports-fan. Accessed August 2024.

New York Times, May 2023. ‘The Way You Watch Sports on TV Is Changing. Here’s Why.’ Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/29/sports/regional-sports-networks-bankruptcy.html. Accessed October 2024.

Vox, August 2017. ‘Amazon will stream Thursday night NFL games this year.’ Available at: https://www.vox.com/2017/4/4/15184100/nfl-amazon-football-games-thursday-streaming-watch-live-prime-twitter. Accessed August 2024.

Investing.com, August 2024. ‘Amazon: Facts and Statistics.’ Available:
https://www.investing.com/academy/statistics/amazon-facts/. Accessed August 2024.

The Athletic, Jun 2024. ‘MLS agrees to 10-year broadcast deal with Apple worth $2.5 billion: Sources.’ Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/3490012/2022/06/14/mls-agrees-to-10-year-broadcast-deal-with-apple-worth-2-5-billion-sources/. Accessed August 2024.

The Current, September 2023, ‘ Ready to stream cricket matches and catamaran races? Niche sports get in the game.” Available at: https://www.thecurrent.com/streaming-live-sports-game-broadcasting-rights-online. Accessed August 2024.

Spryker, August 2021. ‘ The 10 biggest failures in end-of-year business – these companies lost millions.’ Available at: https://spryker.com/blog/top-10-commerce-failures/. Accessed August 2024.

DigitalTV Europe, March 2023. ‘Sports streaming goal: total engagement.’ Available at: https://www.digitaltveurope.com/longread/sports-streaming-goal-total-engagement/#close-modal. Accessed August 2024.

Yahoo Finance, Feb 2024, ‘Major League Soccer: Apple deal 'set the bar at a different level' Available at: https://finance.yahoo.com/news/major-league-soccer-apple-deal-set-the-bar-at-a-different-level-182845906.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZGFpbHltYWlsLmNvLnVrLw&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAAW3fb8sxqOPBscSm7QX87yZbKMESE6v4Z6SKvM4Qc0BP_jm2JQ7UoCuwVm0gua-MDItg9KOlvGzOlGXgP3Am2zzd5VVxdoojl73Pi9dvw1C7E1uU5vTQih4guW1Bv9jzLGbqV3Z6cnEUF_tPSIDU559d99n-T228Tn2NOyhlWTZ. Accessed August 2024.

Business Research Insights, ‘Licensed sports merchandise market report overview.’ Available at: https://www.businessresearchinsights.com/market-reports/licensed-sports-merchandise-market-102457. Accessed August 2024.

Ideas Bank – Healthcare

Deloitte, ‘Data is the new gold,’ Available at: https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/pages/real-estate/articles/future-real-estate-data-new-gold.html. Accessed July 2024.

Seattle Times, Feb 2024, ‘Why health care has become a top target for cybercriminals.’ Available at: https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/health/why-health-care-has-become-a-top-target-for-cybercriminals/. Accessed July 2024.

Munich Re, ‘Fraud: One of the most expensive challenges insurers face.’ Available at: https://www.munichre.com/mrhealthtech/en/solutions/shield.html. Accessed July 2024.

Precedence Research, ‘Healthcare Biometrics Market Size, Share, and Trends 2024 to 2034.’ Available at: https://www.precedenceresearch.com/healthcare-biometrics-market. Accessed July 2024.

Biometricupdate.com, August 2022, ‘French parliament approves €20M project for biometric health card.’ Available at:  https://www.biometricupdate.com/202208/french-parliament-approves-e20m-project-for-biometric-health-card. Accessed July 2024.

Ideas Bank – Saudi

Middle East Economy, ‘Saudi Arabia sees sharp increase in FDI to $65 billion after pandemic: Report.’ Available at: https://economymiddleeast.com/news/saudi-arabia-sees-sharp-increase-in-fdi-to-65-billion-after-pandemic-report/. Accessed August 2024.

Vision2030.gov.sa. ‘National Investment Strategy.’ Available at: https://misa.gov.sa/activities/national-investment-strategy/. Accessed September 2024.

Edge Middle East, ‘Fintech companies in KSA raised $1 bn by end of 2023.’ Available at: https://www.edgemiddleeast.com/industry/fintech-companies-in-ksa-raised-1-bn-by-end-of-2023. Accessed July 2024.

Saudgazette.com, Feb 2024. ‘Why is FinTech flourishing in Saudi Arabia?.’ Available at: https://saudigazette.com.sa/article/640247. Accessed August 2024.

SAP, ‘Getting Innovation Teams Up and Running
.’ Available at: https://www.sap.com/design/stories-resources/getting-innovation-teams-up-and-running. Accessed July 2024.

BCG, November 2023. ‘An Ecosystem Approach to Governing Innovation Hubs.’ Available at: https://www.bcg.com/publications/2023/ecosystem-governance-for-innovation-hubs. Accessed July 2024.

Boston Review, ‘Why Innovation Hubs fail.’ Available at: https://www.bostonreview.net/forum_response/what-silicon-valley-gets-wrong-about-innovation/

BCG, November 2023. ‘An Ecosystem Approach to Governing Innovation Hubs.’ Available at: https://www.bcg.com/publications/2023/ecosystem-governance-for-innovation-hubs. Accessed July 2024.

FintechSaudi, ‘Fintech Access Guide.’ Available at: https://fintechsaudi.com/wp-content/uploads/22E-Fintech-Access-Guide-vFinal.pdf. Accessed August 204.
Edge Middle East, ‘Fintech companies in KSA raised $1 bn by end of 2023.’ Available at: https://www.edgemiddleeast.com/industry/fintech-companies-in-ksa-raised-1-bn-by-end-of-2023. Accessed July 2024.

Simon Kucher & Partners, ‘The Future of Neobanking.’ Available at: https://www.simon-kucher.com/sites/default/files/WP_Neo-Banking_A4_Digital_CBU.pdf. Accessed July 2024.

Reuters, March 2024. ‘Amazon's AWS to launch Saudi Arabia data centers, invest over $5.3 bln.’ Available at: https://www.reuters.com/technology/amazons-aws-launch-saudi-arabia-data-centers-invest-over-53-bln-2024-03-04/. Accessed August 2024.

Roland Berger, ‘Unlocking the Data Center opportunity in KSA.’ Available at: https://www.rolandberger.com/en/Insights/Publications/Unlocking-the-Data-Center-opportunity-in-KSA.html#:~:text=Saudi%20Arabia%20Anticipates%20USD%2015,to%20~1300%20MW%20in%202030. Accessed July 2024.

Spotlight – Banking the Unbanked

World Bank, July 2022. ‘COVID-19 Boosted the Adoption of Digital Financial Services .’ Available at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2022/07/21/covid-19-boosted-the-adoption-of-digital-financial-services. Accessed May 2024.

Uncdf.org, ‘ Financial Inclusion and the SDGs.’ Available at:  https://www.uncdf.org/financial-inclusion-and-the-sdgs?ref=hackernoon.com. Accessed May 2024.

International Labour Organization, ‘United Arab Emirates.’ Available at: https://www.ilo.org/united-arab-emirates#:~:text=The%20UAE%20hosts%20some%208.7,receiving%20countries%20in%20the%20world. Accessed July 2024.

UAE All Info: https://www.khaleejuae.com/minimum-salary-to-open-a-bank-account-in-dubai/. Accessed July 2024.

FXC Intelligence, ‘Al Fardan Exchange and the UAE remittances landscape.’ Available at: https://www.fxcintel.com/research/analysis/al-fardan-exchange-and-the-uae-remittances-landscape. Accessed October 2024

Al Fardan Exchange, ‘Forbes Middle East ranks Alfardan Exchange as the Top Digital Exchange House in Qatar & Among the Top 5 Exchange Houses in Digital Transformation in GCC.’ Available at: https://www.alfardanexchange.com.qa/2022/09/13/forbes-middle-east-ranks-alfardan-exchange-as-the-top-digital-exchange-house-in-qatar-among-the-top-5-exchange-houses-in-digital-transformation-in-gcc/. Accessed October 2024.

adb.org, 2022. ‘Proposed Policy-Based Loan for Subprogram 2 Republic of Indonesia: Promoting Innovative
Financial Inclusion Program.’ Available at:  https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-documents/52218/52218-002-rrp-en.pdf. Accessed September 2024.

World Economic Forum, February 2024. ‘How Indonesia is creating financial inclusion through digital wallets.’ Available at: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2024/02/indonesia-financial-inclusion-digital-wallets/#:~:text=In%20Indonesia%2C%20where%20over%20273,adults%20remain%20unbanked%20or%20underbanked. Accessed September 2024.

Statista, July 2024, ‘Share of rural population in Indonesia from 2014 to 2023.’ Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/760959/indonesia-share-of-rural-population/. Accessed September 2024.

BRI, ‘BRI at a glance.’ Available at: https://www.ir-bri.com/at_a_glance.html#:~:text=Establishment%20of%20BRI-,One%20of%20the%20largest%20state%2Downed%20banks%20in%20Indonesia%2C%20Bank,Savings%20Bank%20for%20Purwokerto's%20Aristocrats). Accessed September 2024.

ekon.go.id, March 2022. ‘Coordinating Minister Airlangga: Government Continues to Encourage Strengthening Economic Foundations by Establishing Digital Transformation of MSMEs as One of the Priorities.’ Accessed September 2024.

BRI, September 2024, ‘ BRI's Ultra Micro Holding Marks Three Years, Serving 176 Million Customers and 36.1 Million Borrowers .’ Available at: https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/bris-ultra-micro-holding-marks-three-years-serving-176-million-customers-and-36-1-million-borrowers-302250432.html. Accessed September 2024.

University of Udayana, June 2022. ‘Udayana University Business Incubator with BRI Holds Kick-Off Brilliant Village Deepening Program 2022.’ Available at: https://www.unud.ac.id/en/berita4599-Udayana-University-Business-Incubator-with-BRI-Holds-Kick-Off-Brilliant-Village-Deepening-Program-2022.html. Accessed September 2024.

womensworldbanking.org, June 2022. ‘Ultra Micro Entrepreneurs in Indonesia.’ Accessed August 2024.

Borgen Project, ‘10 Facts About BRAC, the World’s Largest NGO.’ Available at: https://borgenproject.org/10-facts-about-brac/. Accessed September 2024.

International Finance Corporation, July 2022.  IFC, BRAC Bank Partner to Launch Bangladesh’s First Ever Housing.’ Available at: https://www.ifc.org/en/pressroom/2022/ifc-brac-bank-partner-to-launch-bangladeshs-first-ever-housing-b#:~:text=About%20BRAC%20Bank&text=With%201.3%20million%20customers%2C%20the,%2C%20transparency%2C%20ethics%20and%20compliance. Accessed September 2024.

‘Vision 2041 for developed and prosperous Bangladesh.’ Available at: https://pressinform.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/pressinform.portal.gov.bd/page/50aa82ee_7a92_4aa7_817b_bb323c098833/2023-09-12-09-29-18417c72f118bdb5393796c662aad03e.pdf. Accessed 2024.

Dhaka Tribune, September 2024. ‘Brac Bank, Apon to extend instant digital loan to RMG.’ Available at: workershttps://www.dhakatribune.com/business/banks/357842/brac-bank-apon-to-extend-digital-loan-to-workers. Accessed September 2024.

Regional Trends

European Payments Council, May 2024, ‘Pix: the latest updates on Brazil’s leading instant payment scheme.’ Available at:  https://www.europeanpaymentscouncil.eu/news-insights/insight/pix-latest-updates-brazils-leading-instant-payment-scheme. Accessed August 2024.

European Payments Council, June 2024. ‘UPI: revolutionising real-time digital payments in India.’ Available at:  https://www.europeanpaymentscouncil.eu/news-insights/insight/upi-revolutionising-real-time-digital-payments-india. Accessed August 2024.

Statista, ‘E-commerce in Latin America - statistics & facts.’ Available at: https://www.statista.com/topics/2453/e-commerce-in-latin-america/#:~:text=Retail%20and%20mobile%20domination&text=Regarding%20retail%20web%20visits%20and,thirds%20of%20online%20retail%20transactions. Accessed July 2024.

J.P. Morgan, ‘Payments without borders – the potential of cross and real-time payments to unlock the growth of Latin America.’ Accessed August 2024.

UNSGA, ‘Building Resilience and Financial Health through Inclusive Finance in Brazil.’ Available at: https://www.unsgsa.org/country-visits/building-resilience-and-financial-health-through-inclusive-finance-brazil. Accessed July 2024.

G20, ‘Financial well-being: quality in the population inclusion process is fundamental.’ Available at: https://www.gov.br/g20/en/news/financial-well-being-quality-in-the-population-inclusion-process-is-fundamental. Accessed July 2024.

Finnovista, ‘FINNOVISTA FINTECH RADAR MÉXICO VIII EDITION.’ Available at: https://www.finnovista.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Radar-Finnovista-MEXICO-2024-INGLES.pdf. Accessed August 2024.

Radiam, July 2023. ‘Pix payments exceed credit, debit card transactions in Brazil.’ Available at: https://www.openbankingexpo.com/news/pix-payments-exceed-credit-debit-card-transactions-in-brazil/. Accessed September 2024.

Infobae, ‘What are digital wallets in Colombia and how are they growing in Colombia,’ Available at: https://www.infobae.com/en/2022/03/22/what-are-digital-wallets-in-colombia-and-how-are-they-growing-in-colombia/. Accessed July 2024.

Born2Invest, ‘Digital Wallets in Colombia Consolidated 54.63 Million Users and Moved $332 Billion.’ Available at: https://born2invest.com/articles/digital-wallets-colombia-million-users/. Accessed July 2024.

GlobalFinance, ‘World’s Most Unbanked Countries.’ Available at: https://gfmag.com/data/worlds-most-unbanked-countries/. Accessed July 2024.

Yahoo Finance, ‘Argentina Sees Surge in Buy Now Pay Later Services with Market Set to Exceed US$3 Billion by 2024 - Forecasts to 2029. Available at: https://finance.yahoo.com/news/argentina-sees-surge-buy-now-090100511.html. Accessed July 2024.

AP, Jan 2024. ‘Argentina’s annual inflation soars to 211.4%, the highest in 32 years.’ Available at: https://apnews.com/article/argentina-inflation-december-annual-milei-economic-measures-68f27bf0473590fabb5b6c1aff80579f. Accessed July 2024.

Bloomberg, May 2024, ‘Argentina’s Milei Lays Out Blueprint Toward Dollarization.’ Available at: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-05-22/argentina-s-milei-lays-out-blueprint-toward-dollarization. Accessed July 2024.

McKinsey, May 2024. ‘The rapid evolution of payments in Latin America.’ Available at: https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/fin in the countrancial-services/our-insights/the-rapid-evolution-of-payments-in-latin-america. Accessed May 2024.

Central Bank of Chile, July 2017. ‘The Chilean experience of a universal access debit card.’ Available at: https://www.bis.org/ifc/events/ifc_almaghrib_cemla_satelliteseminar_programme/covaarrano_s3.pdf. Accessed July 2024.

International Banker, June 2024. ‘BancoEstado: Proud to Be an Innovative and Sustainable Public Bank That Contributes to Advancing an Entire Country.’ Available at: https://internationalbanker.com/banking/bancoestado-proud-to-be-an-innovative-and-sustainable-public-bank-that-contributes-to-advancing-an-entire-country/#:~:text=Nearly%20two%20decades%20ago%2C%20we,with%20valid%20Chilean%20identification%20documents. Accessed July 2024.

WIRED ARTICLES

Sustainability Feature:

https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/financial-services/our-insights/the-2023-mckinsey-global-payments-report

https://brc.org.uk/media/683937/payment-survey-2023.pdf

https://offers.worldpayglobal.com/rs/850-JOA-856/images/TheGlobalPaymentsReport2024.pdf?_gl=1*fvnmjb*_gcl_au*MTM2NjE1MjE5Mi4xNzIyMzM4Mjkx*_ga*MTgzNTUyNjA4OC4xNzIyMzM4Mjky*_ga_9HB8S1WFYN*MTcyNDg1ODg1Mi4yLjEuMTcyNDg2MDc4NS4wLjAuMA

 https://capitaloneshopping.com/research/number-of-credit-card-transactions/

https://www.thinkgeoenergy.com/fervo-and-google-geothermal-power-facility-starts-grid-supply/

https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/bahnhof-wants-to-build-a-nuclear-power-station-for-its-new-stockholm-data-center/

https://token.io/downloads/juniper-research-whitepaper-2023

https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidbirch/2024/07/09/green-greener-and-greenest-the-most-sustainable-ways-to-pay/

https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/how-to/the-hidden-costs-of-using-convenience-your-plastic-money-has-a-big-environmental-toll/articleshow/106929200.cms?from=mdr

https://ekko.earth/

https://green-got.com/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant_category_code

https://www.tomra.com/en/news-and-media/news/2024/tomra-launches-system-for-reusable-takeaway-packaging

https://cities-today.com/industry/what-happens-when-open-loop-ticketing-goes-nationwide/

https://www.climateview.global/en

https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/topics/in-depth/electric-vehicles

https://www.edmunds.com/electric-car/articles/percentage-of-electric-cars-in-us.html

https://www.gridserve.com/pressroom/the-skys-the-limit-new-gridserve-electric-forecourt-now-open-at-london-gatwick-airport/?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email

IB VRPS:

https://www.paymentsjournal.com/are-we-approaching-a-world-without-cards/

https://www.finextra.com/pressarticle/98315/uk-payment-providers-frustrated-by-lack-of-vrp-progress

https://www.econverse.com.br/blog/pix-automatico-facilitando-suas-transacoes/

Reality Check:

https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1953-0411-71

https://corporate.worldpay.com/news-releases/news-release-details/worldpay-global-payments-report-2024-digital-wallet-maturity

Two Sides:

https://www.jpmorgan.com/insights/payments/acquiring-and-e-commerce/digital-wallets-drive-cashless-society

VC Hottakes:

https://www.ey.com/en_gl/insights/payments/how-the-rise-of-paytech-is-reshaping-the-payments-landscape

Visual Timeline:

https://www.umbracapital.com/insights/evolution-of-trade-finance-and-supply-chain-finance

https://www.worldhistory.org/article/974/banking-in-the-roman-world/#:~:text=The%20development%20of%20commerce%20throughout%20the%20Mediterranean%20and%20the%20expansion%20of%20trade%20to%20new%20foreign%20markets%20between%20the%203rd%20century%20BCE%20and%20the%203rd%20century%20CE%2C%20led%20to%20the%20growth%20of%20banking%20in%20the%20Roman%20world

https://www.worldhistory.org/article/974/banking-in-the-roman-world/#:~:text=In%20conclusion%2C%20it%20is%20quite%20remarkable%20how%20widespread%20the%20use%20of%20credit%20was%20and%20how%20developed%20and%20complex%20banking%20activities%20were%20in%20the%20Roman%20world.%20Banking%20greatly%20contributed%20to%20the%20development%20of%20commerce%20and%20trade%2C%20and%20to%20the%20creation%20of%20wealth%20in%20ancient%20Rome

https://eprints.lse.ac.uk/116868/1/The_Economic_History_Review_2022_O_Brien_Not_an_ordinary_bank_but_a_great_engine_of_state_The_Bank_of_England_and.pdf

https://www.reuters.com/article/opinion/how-the-industrial-revolution-created-modern-debt-idUS700065852/#:~:text=At%20the%20same,Bryan%E2%80%99s%20populist%20crusade

https://www.royalmint.com/invest/discover/gold-news/what-was-the-gold-standard/#:~:text=These%20factors%20led,of%20international%20trade

https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C100#:~:text=Administrative%20/%20biographical%20background%3A-,Export%20Credit%20Department,which%20credit%20was%20given%20as%20well%20as%20on%20general%20policy%20matters

https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/brettonwoodsagreement.asp#:~:text=The%20Bretton%20Woods%20agreement%20and%20system%20created,1

https://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/gatt.asp#:~:text=The%20General%20Agreement%20on%20Tariffs%20and%20Trade%20(GATT)%2C%20signed,of%20the%20General%20Agreement%20on%20Tariffs%20and%20Trade.%E2%80%9D

https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/mercosur-south-americas-fractious-trade-bloc#:~:text=Founded%20in%201991%20to%20create%20a%20common%20market%2C%20spur%20development%2C%20and%20bolster%20democracy%2C%20Mercosur%20saw%20early%20successes%2C%20including%20a%20tenfold%20increase%20in%20trade%20within%20the%20bloc%20in%20its%20first%20decade.%C2%A0

https://www.cbp.gov/trade/north-american-free-trade-agreement#:~:text=North%20American%20Free%20Trade%20Agreement%20(NAFTA)%20established%20a%20free%2D,produced%20by%20the%20signatory%20nations

https://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/shift-to-open-account-trade-highlights-9822805/#:~:text=The%20shift%20toward%20open%20account%20trade%20has%20coincided%20with%20a%20continued%20expansion%20of%20global%20trade%20in%20goods%20and%20services%2C%20which%20has%20more%20than%20tripled%20in%20real%2Ddollar%20terms%20over%20the%20past%20two%20decades.6

https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/310261613738371600/pdf/Technology-and-Digitization-in-Supply-Chain-Finance-Handbook.pdf

https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/ecommerce/modellaw/electronic_transferable_records#:~:text=Purpose,to%20trade%20facilitation

https://www.tradefinanceglobal.com/posts/using-optical-character-recognition-to-streamline-international-trade/#:~:text=One%20of%20the%20main,that%20require%20human%20judgment

https://quantiphi.com/credit-underwriting-ai-software/#:~:text=What%20is%20generative,risk%20assessment%20models

https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/revolutionising-letter-credits-blockchain-technology-korecent/#:~:text=Transforming%20LCs%20with,execution%20of%20transactions

Data Viz:

J.P. MORGAN, SELECT CHASE CREDIT AND DEBIT CARD TRANSACTION DATA. TOTAL SPENDING IN NONRECURRING CATEGORIES

Gaming feature

Statista, Life-to-date consumer spending generated by Call of Duty series worldwide as of June 2022.’ Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1244198/cod-lifetime-player-spending/#:~:text=As%20of%20June%202022%2C%20first,U.S.%20dollars%20in%20December%202020. Accessed January 2024. – Figures are from 2022, estimate is total sales are even higher now, around $32 billion.

CNBC, Jan 2021,‘The 13 highest-grossing film franchises at the box office.’ Available at:
https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/31/the-13-highest-grossing-film-franchises-at-the-box-office.html. Accessed May 2024.

The Numbers, ‘Pinpoint Box Office Numbers from the Industry Leaders.’ Available at: https://www.the-numbers.com/movies/franchises#franchise_overview=od4. Accessed January 2024.

Visualcapitalist.com, December 2023. ‘50 Years of Video Game Industry Revenues, by Platform.’ Available at: https://www.visualcapitalist.com/video-game-industry-revenues-by-platform/. Accessed April 2024.

Ampere Analysis, July 2022, ‘Global games market forecast to decline in 2022.’ Available at: https://www.ampereanalysis.com/insight/global-games-market-forecast-to-decline-in-2022. Accessed April 2024.

Statista, ‘Global recorded music revenue from 1999 to 2023.’ Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/272305/global-revenue-of-the-music-industry/#:~:text=Global%20revenue%20of%20the%20recorded%20music%20industry%201999%2D2022&text=In%202022%2C%20the%20total%20revenue,dollars%20in%20the%20same%20year. Accessed April 2024.

IBIS World, September 2023, ‘Global Movie Production & Distribution - Market Size (2005–2029). Available at: https://www.ibisworld.com/global/market-size/global-movie-production-distribution/. Accessed April 2024.

GameDev Reports, March 2023. ‘Ampere Analysis: The console gaming market dropped in 2022; PlayStation 5 is selling almost twice as better as Xbox Series.’ Available at: https://gamedevreports.substack.com/p/ampere-analysis-the-console-gaming-91a. Accessed February 2024.

Statista Consumer Market Outlook, ‘Revenue share of the video game consoles market worldwide from 2018 to 2027, by sales channel.’ Available at: https://www.statista.com/forecasts/1294144/revenue-share-video-game-consoles. Accessed February 2024.

GameByte, January 2023. ‘90% of video game sales in 2022 were digital.’ Available at: https://www.gamebyte.com/90-of-video-game-sales-in-2022-were-digital/. Accessed May 2024.

Omdia, October 2023. ‘Omdia research projects game subscriptions revenue to surpass $22 billion by 2027.’ Available at: https://www.prnewswire.co.uk/news-releases/omdia-research-projects-game-subscriptions-revenue-to-surpass-22-billion-by-2027-301962347.html. Accessed April 2024.

Newzoo,’Global Games Market 2023.’ Available at: https://resources.newzoo.com/hubfs/Reports/Games/2023_Newzoo_Free_Global_Games_Market_Report.pdf?utm_campaign=2023-08-GMRF-GGMR%202023%20free%20report&utm_medium=email&_hsenc=p2ANqtz--B4Ymd9-CP5DxrbpjAmRFqllUDd4yWHDQuzBZ8H0xO-iELvg3pP4CkQ3Tl3Z3BeRkUrrJHuorI_3a9iU-6yNnNHrKjcF10VJ4zwRPmgwJN7rMs1AA&_hsmi=269284764&utm_content=269284764&utm_source=hs_automation. Accessed April 2024.

Latentview, November 2022. ‘Is Subscription Economy the Future of Gaming?’ Available at: https://www.latentview.com/blog/is-subscription-economy-the-future-of-gaming/ . Accessed February 2024.

AmpereAnalysis, September 2022. ‘Live service titles in Xbox Game Pass approach 10% of catalogue.’ Available at: https://www.ampereanalysis.com/insight/live-service-titles-in-xbox-game-pass-approach-10-of-catalogue. Accessed February 2024.
https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20240130-the-gaming-industry-is-aiming-for-subscribers-will-gamers-play-along

PR Newswire, October 2023. ‘Omdia research projects game subscriptions revenue to surpass $22 billion by 2027.’ Available at: https://www.prnewswire.co.uk/news-releases/omdia-research-projects-game-subscriptions-revenue-to-surpass-22-billion-by-2027-301962347.html. Accessed February 2024.

Musicbusinessworldwide, October 2023. ‘WITH ITS PATENTED MUSIC INTEGRATION ENGINE AND IN-GAME PURCHASES, REACTIONAL MUSIC CLAIMS TO BE ‘THE MISSING LINK’ BETWEEN THE MUSIC AND GAMES INDUSTRIES.’ Available at: https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/with-its-patented-music-integration-engine-and-in-game-purchases-reactional-music-claims-to-be-the-missing-link-between-the-music-and-games-industries/. Accessed May 2024.

Gamesindustrybiz, December 2020. ‘GamesIndustry.biz presents… The Year in Numbers 2020.’ Available at: https://www.gamesindustry.biz/gamesindustry-biz-presents-the-year-in-numbers-2020. Accessed May 2024.

Statista, February 2024. ‘Share of internet users worldwide playing games on selected devices as of 3rd quarter 2023.’ Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/533047/leading-devices-play-games/. Accessed April 2024.

Backbone, see: https://playbackbone.com/gb/
CNBC, October 2022, ‘How free-to-play and in-game purchases took over the video game industry.’ Available at: https://www.cnbc.com/2022/10/06/how-free-to-play-and-in-game-purchases-took-over-video-games.html. Accessed May 2024.

National Institutes of Health, Jan 2023. ‘The Health Effects of Video Games in Children and Adolescents.’ Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36587018/. Accessed April 2024. Accessed April 2024.

Bloomberg, February 2024. ‘Roblox Game Developers Earned a Record $741 Million Last Year?’ Available at: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-02-21/how-much-do-roblox-game-makers-earn-741-million-in-2023. Accessed April 2024

PCgamer, April 2021, ‘Minecraft modders have sold a billion mods, made over $350M since Microsoft bought it.’ Available at: https://www.pcgamer.com/minecraft-modders-have-sold-a-billion-mods-for-more-than-dollar350m-since-microsoft-bought-it/

TheVerge.com, ‘Epic is going to give 40 percent of Fortnite’s net revenues back to creators.’ Available at: https://www.theverge.com/2023/3/22/23645633/fortnite-creator-economy-2-0-epic-games-editor-state-of-unreal-2023-gdc. Accessed April 2024.

https://www.juniperresearch.com/press/losses-online-payment-fraud-exceed-362-billion/

https://risk.lexisnexis.com/insights-resources/research/us-ca-true-cost-of-fraud-study

https://www.sita.aero/pressroom/blog/the-evolution-of-biometrics-and-border-control/

https://www.veriff.com/blog/the-future-of-biometric-technology

https://luca-giuzzi.unibs.it/corsi/Support/papers-cryptography/RAD78.pdf

https://www.reliaquest.com/platform/digital-risk-protection/

https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/ai-future-passwords-passkeys-replace-traditional-abdul-owais-hazari/

https://blog.google/technology/safety-security/passkeys-default-google-accounts/

https://passkeys.directory/

https://www.daon.com/resource/the-promise-of-passkeys/

https://www.ibm.com/downloads/cas/E3G5JMBP

https://luca-giuzzi.unibs.it/corsi/Support/papers-cryptography/RAD78.pdf

https://venafi.com/blog/homomorphic-encryption-what-it-and-how-it-used/

https://research.ibm.com/blog/what-is-synthetic-data

https://www.jpmorgan.com/technology/technology-blog/synthetic-data-for-real-insights

https://mostly.ai/blog/15-synthetic-data-use-cases-in-banking#h-fraud-and-anomaly-detection

mckinsey.com/capabilities/risk-and-resilience/our-insights/localization-of-data-privacy-regulations-creates-competitive-opportunities


Global Trends

HSBC, April 2023. ‘Cash management in Asia: The key trends to empower treasury.’ Available at: https://www.gbm.hsbc.com/en-gb/insights/innovation/cash-management-in-asia-the-key-trends-to-empower-treasury. Accessed February 2024.

Openbanking.org, November 2023, ‘New Impact Report reveals increased adoption and product innovation.’ Available at: https://www.openbanking.org.uk/insights/new-impact-report-reveals-increased-adoption-and-product-innovation/. Accessed March 2024.

Amazon, July 2023. ‘Amazon One palm payment technology is coming to all 500+ Whole Foods Market stores in the U.S.’ Available at: https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/retail/amazon-one-whole-foods-market-palm-scanning. Access March 2024.

Forbes, December 2023. ‘Robots And AI Power New ‘Fully Autonomous’ Burger Restaurant CaliExpress.’ Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/rogerdooley/2023/12/20/robots-and-ai-power-new-fully-autonomous-burger-restaurant-caliexpress/?sh=4144710f7fa0&secureweb=OUTLOOK. Accessed April 2024.

Trillion Dollar Question

Waitwhile,’ Consumer Survey: The State of Waiting in Line (2023).’ Available at: https://waitwhile.com/blog/consumer-survey-waiting-in-line-2023/#:~:text=Consumer%20impatience%20rose%20by%20176%25%20YoY&text=The%20vast%20majority%20of%20consumers%20still%20associate%20waiting%20in%20line,when%20they%20have%20to%20wait. Accessed March 2024.

Business Money, June 2022. ‘Lack of payment options cause 9 in 10 shoppers to abandon online purchases.’ Available at: https://www.business-money.com/announcements/lack-of-payment-options-cause-9-in-10-shoppers-to-abandon-online-purchases/. Accessed March 2024.

Ideas Bank – Ecosystems

McKinsey, April 2023. ‘Strategies to win in the new ecosystem economy.’ Available at: https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/strategy-and-corporate-finance/our-insights/strategies-to-win-in-the-new-ecosystem-economy. Accessed January 2023.

IB: Conversational Analytics

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4573321

https://www.platformer.news/p/google-unveils-gemini


IB: Soft POS

https://www.computerweekly.com/news/366552172/Number-of-UK-contactless-payments-increased-30-last-year

https://whitesight.net/2023-emfi-roundup-instore-payments/#:~:text=SoftPOS%3A%20Now%2C%20think%20about%20the,or%20tap%2Don%2Dphone

https://www.jpmorgan.com/about-us/corporate-news/2023/jpm-payments-enables-tap-to-pay-on-iphone-for-us-merchants-starting-with-sephora

https://www.juniperresearch.com/press/soft-pos-users-to-grow-globally-by-2027

https://www.finextra.com/pressarticle/94826/danish-national-rail-operator-adopts-softpos-tech-from-softpay-and-nets

https://nfc-forum.org/news/2023-07-7-insights-from-the-nfc-forum-technical-roadmap/

https://nfc-forum.org/news/2023-12-softpos-the-next-great-disruptor-to-the-payments-ecosystem/


Reality Check

https://www.c2es.org/content/carbon-dioxide-removal/#:~:text=The%20National%20Academy%20of%20Sciences,CDR%20each%20year%20by%202100

https://about.bnef.com/blog/carbon-capture-investment-hits-record-high-of-6-4-billion/

https://insideclimatenews.org/news/05112023/landowners-fight-co2-pipeline-midwest-navigator/

https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/jan/18/revealed-forest-carbon-offsets-biggest-provider-worthless-verra-aoe

https://www.klarna.com/international/press/klarna-launches-carbon-footprint-insights-for-90-million-consumers/

https://www.reuters.com/world/us/facing-brutal-climate-math-us-bets-billions-direct-air-capture-2023-04-18/

https://liftoff.energy.gov/carbon-management/


Two Sides

N/A

Visual Timeline

International Journal of Research in Social Sciences Vol. 9 Issue 7, July 2019, HISTORY OF BANKING IN INDIA AND EMERGENCE OF NEW GENERATION BANKS, by Rajisha T, https://www.ijmra.us/project%20doc/2019/IJRSS_JULY2019/IJMRA-15886.pdf

https://web.archive.org/web/20190120043055/https://m.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=155

https://corporate.westernunion.com/

https://stripe.com/blog/reimagining-bank-transfers

Paying with plastic : the digital revolution in buying and borrowing, by Evans, David S. (David Sparks), 1954-, https://archive.org/details/payingwithplasti0000evan/page/n387/mode/2up, retrieved 17 January 2024

https://stripe.com/gb/resources/more/what-are-payment-rails

https://softco.com/uk/glossary/automated-clearing-house/#:~:text=The%20first%20automated%20clearing%20house,which%20began%20operations%20in%201972.

https://www.newyorkfed.org/medialibrary/media/research/epr/08v14n2/0809prei.pdf

https://www.bis.org/publ/qtrpdf/r_qt1703g.pdf

https://www.bis.org/cpmi/publ/d22.pdf

https://www.swift.com/about-us/history

https://xsreviews.co.uk/editorial/the-history-of-mobile-payments/#:~:text=One%20of%20the%20first%20recorded,pay%20using%20their%20cell%20phones

https://www.westernunion.com/blog/en/gb/what-is-a-p2p-payment-system-how-does-it-work/

https://novosec.de/documents/eCommerce_PayPal_en.pdf

https://about.pypl.com/who-we-are/history-and-facts/default.aspx

https://www.bis.org/publ/qtrpdf/r_qt1703g.pdf

https://www.fintechfutures.com/2020/11/how-real-are-real-time-payments/

https://www.bis.org/publ/qtrpdf/r_qt1703g.pdf

https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/decoding-crypto%3A-what-was-the-first-cryptocurrency-and-who-created-it-2021-08-18

https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/financial-services/our-insights/financial-services-unchained-the-ongoing-rise-of-open-financial-data

https://www.openbanking.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/What-Is-Open-Banking-Guide.pdf

https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/explainers/what-is-a-central-bank-digital-currency

https://techinformed.com/2024-informed-fintech-and-digital-currency-predictions/#:~:text=%E2%80%9CIn%202024%2C%20we'll,use%20cases%2C%20including%20offline%20payments.